Coarse Parallel Processing Using a Work Queue

In this example, we will run a Kubernetes Job with multiple parallel worker processes.

In this example, as each pod is created, it picks up one unit of work from a task queue, completes it, deletes it from the queue, and exits.

Here is an overview of the steps in this example:

Start a message queue service. In this example, we use RabbitMQ, but you could use another one. In practice you would set up a message queue service once and reuse it for many jobs.
Create a queue, and fill it with messages. Each message represents one task to be done. In this example, a message is an integer that we will do a lengthy computation on.
Start a Job that works on tasks from the queue. The Job starts several pods. Each pod takes one task from the message queue, processes it, and repeats until the end of the queue is reached.

Before you begin

Be familiar with the basic, non-parallel, use of Job.

You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:

Starting a message queue service

This example uses RabbitMQ, however, you can adapt the example to use another AMQP-type message service.

In practice you could set up a message queue service once in a cluster and reuse it for many jobs, as well as for long-running services.

Start RabbitMQ as follows:

kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/release-1.3/examples/celery-rabbitmq/rabbitmq-service.yaml

service "rabbitmq-service" created

kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/release-1.3/examples/celery-rabbitmq/rabbitmq-controller.yaml

replicationcontroller "rabbitmq-controller" created

We will only use the rabbitmq part from the .

Testing the message queue service

Now, we can experiment with accessing the message queue. We will create a temporary interactive pod, install some tools on it, and experiment with queues.

First create a temporary interactive Pod.

# Create a temporary interactive container
kubectl run -i --tty temp --image ubuntu:18.04

Waiting for pod default/temp-loe07 to be running, status is Pending, pod ready: false
... [ previous line repeats several times .. hit return when it stops ] ...

Note that your pod name and command prompt will be different.

Next install the amqp-tools so we can work with message queues.

# Install some tools
root@temp-loe07:/# apt-get update
.... [ lots of output ] ....
root@temp-loe07:/# apt-get install -y curl ca-certificates amqp-tools python dnsutils
.... [ lots of output ] ....

Later, we will make a docker image that includes these packages.

Next, we will check that we can discover the rabbitmq service:

# Note the rabbitmq-service has a DNS name, provided by Kubernetes:

root@temp-loe07:/# nslookup rabbitmq-service
Server:        10.0.0.10
Address:    10.0.0.10#53

Name:    rabbitmq-service.default.svc.cluster.local
Address: 10.0.147.152

# Your address will vary.

If Kube-DNS is not setup correctly, the previous step may not work for you. You can also find the service IP in an env var:

# env | grep RABBIT | grep HOST
RABBITMQ_SERVICE_SERVICE_HOST=10.0.147.152
# Your address will vary.

Next we will verify we can create a queue, and publish and consume messages.

# In the next line, rabbitmq-service is the hostname where the rabbitmq-service
# can be reached.  5672 is the standard port for rabbitmq.

root@temp-loe07:/# export BROKER_URL=amqp://guest:guest@rabbitmq-service:5672
# If you could not resolve "rabbitmq-service" in the previous step,
# then use this command instead:
# root@temp-loe07:/# BROKER_URL=amqp://guest:guest@$RABBITMQ_SERVICE_SERVICE_HOST:5672

# Now create a queue:

root@temp-loe07:/# /usr/bin/amqp-declare-queue --url=$BROKER_URL -q foo -d
foo

# Publish one message to it:

root@temp-loe07:/# /usr/bin/amqp-publish --url=$BROKER_URL -r foo -p -b Hello

# And get it back.

root@temp-loe07:/# /usr/bin/amqp-consume --url=$BROKER_URL -q foo -c 1 cat && echo
Hello
root@temp-loe07:/#

In the last command, the amqp-consume tool takes one message (-c 1) from the queue, and passes that message to the standard input of an arbitrary command. In this case, the program cat prints out the characters read from standard input, and the echo adds a carriage return so the example is readable.

Filling the Queue with tasks

Now let's fill the queue with some "tasks". In our example, our tasks are strings to be printed.

In a practice, the content of the messages might be:

names of files to that need to be processed
extra flags to the program
ranges of keys in a database table
configuration parameters to a simulation
frame numbers of a scene to be rendered

In practice, if there is large data that is needed in a read-only mode by all pods of the Job, you will typically put that in a shared file system like NFS and mount that readonly on all the pods, or the program in the pod will natively read data from a cluster file system like HDFS.

For our example, we will create the queue and fill it using the amqp command line tools. In practice, you might write a program to fill the queue using an amqp client library.

/usr/bin/amqp-declare-queue --url=$BROKER_URL -q job1  -d
job1

for f in apple banana cherry date fig grape lemon melon
do
  /usr/bin/amqp-publish --url=$BROKER_URL -r job1 -p -b $f
done

So, we filled the queue with 8 messages.

Create an Image

Now we are ready to create an image that we will run as a job.

We will use the amqp-consume utility to read the message from the queue and run our actual program. Here is a very simple example program:

application/job/rabbitmq/worker.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Just prints standard out and sleeps for 10 seconds.
import sys
import time
print("Processing " + sys.stdin.readlines()[0])
time.sleep(10)

Give the script execution permission:

chmod +x worker.py

Now, build an image. If you are working in the source tree, then change directory to examples/job/work-queue-1. Otherwise, make a temporary directory, change to it, download the Dockerfile, and worker.py. In either case, build the image with this command:

docker build -t job-wq-1 .

For the <username> with your Hub username.

docker tag job-wq-1 <username>/job-wq-1
docker push <username>/job-wq-1

If you are using , tag your app image with your project ID, and push to GCR. Replace <project> with your project ID.

docker tag job-wq-1 gcr.io/<project>/job-wq-1
gcloud docker -- push gcr.io/<project>/job-wq-1

Defining a Job

Here is a job definition. You'll need to make a copy of the Job and edit the image to match the name you used, and call it ./job.yaml.

application/job/rabbitmq/job.yaml

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: job-wq-1
spec:
  completions: 8
  parallelism: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      name: job-wq-1
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: c
        image: gcr.io/<project>/job-wq-1
        env:
        - name: BROKER_URL
          value: amqp://guest:guest@rabbitmq-service:5672
        - name: QUEUE
          value: job1
      restartPolicy: OnFailure

In this example, each pod works on one item from the queue and then exits. So, the completion count of the Job corresponds to the number of work items done. So we set, .spec.completions: 8 for the example, since we put 8 items in the queue.

Running the Job

So, now run the Job:

kubectl apply -f ./job.yaml

Now wait a bit, then check on the job.

kubectl describe jobs/job-wq-1

Name:             job-wq-1
Namespace:        default
Selector:         controller-uid=41d75705-92df-11e7-b85e-fa163ee3c11f
Labels:           controller-uid=41d75705-92df-11e7-b85e-fa163ee3c11f
                  job-name=job-wq-1
Annotations:      <none>
Parallelism:      2
Completions:      8
Start Time:       Wed, 06 Sep 2017 16:42:02 +0800
Pods Statuses:    0 Running / 8 Succeeded / 0 Failed
Pod Template:
  Labels:       controller-uid=41d75705-92df-11e7-b85e-fa163ee3c11f
                job-name=job-wq-1
  Containers:
   c:
    Image:      gcr.io/causal-jigsaw-637/job-wq-1
    Port:
    Environment:
      BROKER_URL:       amqp://guest:guest@rabbitmq-service:5672
      QUEUE:            job1
    Mounts:             <none>
  Volumes:              <none>
Events:
  FirstSeen  LastSeen   Count    From    SubobjectPath    Type      Reason              Message
  ─────────  ────────   ─────    ────    ─────────────    ──────    ──────              ───────
  27s        27s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-hcobb
  27s        27s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-weytj
  27s        27s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-qaam5
  27s        27s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-b67sr
  26s        26s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-xe5hj
  15s        15s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-w2zqe
  14s        14s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-d6ppa
  14s        14s        1        {job }                   Normal    SuccessfulCreate    Created pod: job-wq-1-p17e0

All our pods succeeded. Yay.

Alternatives

This approach has the advantage that you do not need to modify your "worker" program to be aware that there is a work queue.

It does require that you run a message queue service. If running a queue service is inconvenient, you may want to consider one of the other job patterns.

This approach creates a pod for every work item. If your work items only take a few seconds, though, creating a Pod for every work item may add a lot of overhead. Consider another example, that executes multiple work items per Pod.

In this example, we use the amqp-consume utility to read the message from the queue and run our actual program. This has the advantage that you do not need to modify your program to be aware of the queue. A different example, shows how to communicate with the work queue using a client library.

Caveats

If the number of completions is set to less than the number of items in the queue, then not all items will be processed.

If the number of completions is set to more than the number of items in the queue, then the Job will not appear to be completed, even though all items in the queue have been processed. It will start additional pods which will block waiting for a message.

There is an unlikely race with this pattern. If the container is killed in between the time that the message is acknowledged by the amqp-consume command and the time that the container exits with success, or if the node crashes before the kubelet is able to post the success of the pod back to the api-server, then the Job will not appear to be complete, even though all items in the queue have been processed.

Last modified February 11, 2021 at 3:51 PM PST: